| Scientific Name | Specimen Records |
|
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| Lasionycteris noctivagans (LeConte) | ATBI Database | ||||
| Common Name | |||||
| common_name | |||||
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | |
| Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | Chiroptera | Vespertilionidae | |
| Animals | Vertebrates | Mammals | Bats | Vespertilionid Bats | |
The silver-haired bat is associated with forest and grassland habitats, and is often abundant in old-growth forests (Kunz, 1999). During the summer, these solitary bats may be found roosting in hollow trees, beneath the loose bark of trees, and even beneath rocks. The flight pattern of silver-haired bats has a distinctive fluttery quality with frequent darts, twists, and glides. These bats emerge earlier than most other species, and are one of the slowest flying North American bats. It forages over streams and woodland ponds.
SPECIES DESCRIPTION
- Adult Total Length: 69-95 mm (2 3/4-3 3/4 in.)
- Tail: 25-45 mm (1-1 3/4 in.)
- Hind Foot: 9-10 mm (3/8 in.)
- Weight: 4-8 g (1/7-1/4 oz.)
- Physical Characteristics: Bats are unique among mammals
because their forelimbs are specialized for true flight. Flight membranes,
which are actually extensions of the skin of the back and belly, connect the
body with the wings, legs, and tail. Unlike birds, bats use both legs and wings
during flight. Other modifications for flight include greatly elongated fingers
to provide support for the wing membrane, a keeled sternum for the attachment
of the enlarged flight muscles, and fusion of some vertebrae. The membrane
extending from the tail to the hind legs is known as the interfemoral membrane.
The silver-haired bat is a medium-sized bat with dark brownish-black fur. Many
of the hairs on the back and on the interfemoral membrane are tipped with silvery-white.
The ears are short, and nearly as broad as they are long. When laid forward,
the ears barely reach the nostrils. The basal half of the dorsal surface of
the interfemoral membrane is sparsely furred.
Skull Drawings:
| Skull lateral view. | Skull dorsal view. | Skull ventral view. |
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| Click illustrations to enlarge. The Mammals of Virginia, by Donald W. Linzey. Copyright 1998. All rights reserved. |
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DISTRIBUTION
North America:
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The silver-haired bat ranges from southern Alaska and Canada, south throughout the United States to Bermuda and northeastern Mexico. |
In Park:
 Click maps to enlarge. |
The silver-haired bat has been recorded from only seven localities in the park. |
NATURAL HISTORY
Habitat:
The silver-haired bat is associated with forest and grassland habitats, and is often abundant in old-growth forests (Kunz, 1999). During the summer, these solitary bats may be found roosting in hollow trees, beneath the loose bark of trees, and even beneath rocks. During migration, they may also be found in buildings, trees and occasionally, caves.
Reproduction:
Mating presumably occurs during autumn, when the bats are migrating. Females presumably store sperm in their reproductive tracts during the winter. Following a gestation period of 50-60 days, twin pups are born during June. Newborn pups grow rapidly, and are weaned in about 3-4 weeks.
Longevity:
Longevity
Terrestrial Ecology:
The senses of sight and hearing are well developed in bats. Since most bats become active near dusk, and are active much of the night, sight is of little importance in navigation and in the capture of prey. Instead, they use echolocation, a system somewhat similar to radar. They emit ultrasonic calls, far above the range of human hearing, that are reflected from objects ahead of them. They hear the echoes, and are able to avoid obstacles and find food in total darkness. Different species can be distinguished by differences in the structure of their echolocation calls (Fenton and Bell, 1981).
The flight pattern of silver-haired bats has a distinctive fluttery quality with frequent darts, twists, and glides. These bats emerge earlier than most other species, and are one of the slowest flying North American bats. It forages over streams and woodland ponds. During feeding maneuvers, the tail and wing membranes are used to capture and restrain prey. Some insects are captured by the tail membrane, which forms a pouch-like compartment. The bat must bend its head forward in order to grasp the insect with its teeth and take it into its mouth. Sometimes the bat may use its mouth to capture an insect from its wing.
Eleven species of bats have been recorded in the park, and all feed exclusively on insects. During the colder months when flying insects are unavailable, bats must either hibernate or migrate to warmer areas. Eight of the species found in the park are known to hibernate. Only three - the red bat, hoary bat, and the silver-haired bat - are migratory. Bats are seen flying over the park during every month of the year. However, when flying during the winter, they do not feed.
Predators and Defense:
No predators recorded from the park.
Parasites:
None recorded from the park.
Transmittable Diseases
Bats are capable of transmitting two diseases to humans - rabies and histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis is a disease caused by inhaling dust that contains contaminated spores. Tuttle (1988) stated: "Less than a half of 1 percent of bats contract rabies, a frequency no higher than that seen in many other animals. Like others, they die quickly, but unlike even dogs and cats, rabid bats seldom become aggressive." Bats do not attack when they get rabies; they just lie in one place. Although it is rare for humans to contract rabies from infected bats, persons handling them should be aware of this possibility.
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Special Protection Status:
- Rangewide: None.
- In Park: All plants and animals are protected within Great
Smoky Mountains National Park. Collection requires a permit which is usually
granted only for research or educational purposes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Field work:
N/A
Supporting Institutions:
N/A
Text:
Dr. Donald W. Linzey, Wytheville Community College, Wytheville, VA (wclinzd@wcc.vccs.edu)
Christy Brecht, Wytheville Community College, Wytheville, VA (wcbrecc@wcc.vccs.edu)
Photographs:
Roger Barbour. All rights reserved.
Drawings:
The Mammals of Virginia, by Donald W. Linzey. Copyright 1998. All rights reserved.
Maps:
North America: The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, edited by Don E. Wilson and Sue Ruff. Copyright 1999. All rights reserved.
In Park: Discover Life in America - All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory. 2007. The ATBI Database. http://tremont22.campus.utk.edu/ATBI_start.cfm, Discover Life in America, Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738.
Web page:
REFERENCES
Barbour, R.W. and W.H. Davis. 1969. Bats of America. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
Fenton, M.B., and G.P. Bell. 1981. Recognition of Insectivorous Bats by their Echolocation Calls. Journal of Mammalogy 62(2): 233-243.
Harvey, M.J., J.S. Altenbach, and T.L. Best. 1999. Bats of the United States. Little Rock: Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.
Kunz, T.H. 1982. Lasionycteris noctivagans. Mammalian Species No. 172: 1-5. American Society of Mammalogists.
Kunz, T.H. 1999. Silver-haired Bat. Pages 111-112. In: D.E. Wilson, and S. Ruff (eds.). The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Linzey, D. W. 1995a. Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia.
Linzey, D. W. 1995b. Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park-1995 Update. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 111(1): 1-81.
Linzey, D. W. 1998. The Mammals of Virginia. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia.
Tuttle, M.D. 1988. America's Neighborhood Bats. Austin: University of Texas Press.
